

As heavy manufacturing developed, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and New York emerged as the nation's great industrial centers. Transcontinental railroads were constructed, corporate enterprise spurted ahead, and the remaining western frontier lands were rapidly occupied and settled. Outside the South, however, a great period of economic expansion began.

In many southern states, the decades following the Civil War were ones of economic devastation, in which rural whites as well as blacks were reduced to sharecropper status. By the end of the Reconstruction era, whites had reestablished their political domination over blacks in the southern states and had begun to enforce patterns of segregation in education and social organization that were to last for nearly a century. The efforts of southern whites to regain political control of their states led to the formation of terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan, which employed violence to prevent blacks from voting. On the pretext that he had failed to carry out an act of Congress, the House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson in, but the Senate failed by one vote to convict him and remove him from office. Vice President Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln as president, tried to carry out Lincoln's conciliatory policies but was opposed by radical Republican leaders in Congress who demanded harsher treatment of the South. During the Reconstruction era - 77, the defeated South was governed by Union Army commanders, and the resultant bitterness of southerners toward northern Republican rule, which enfranchised blacks, persisted for years afterward. Lincoln's plan for the reconstruction of the rebellious states was compassionate, but only five days after Lee's surrender, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth as part of a conspiracy in which US Secretary of State William H. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of was the initial step in freeing some 4 million black slaves their liberation was completed soon after the war's end by amendments to the Constitution. The outcome of the war brought great changes in US life. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia on 9 April. A Confederate invasion of the North was repulsed at the battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in July a Union army took Atlanta in September and Confederate forces evacuated Richmond, the Confederate capital, in early April With much of the South in Union hands, Confederate Gen. The North, with great superiority in manpower and resources, finally prevailed. Confederate dead were estimated at, including 94, killed in battle. An estimated, men in the Union forces died of various causes, including, killed in battle. Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, S.įor the next four years, war raged between the Confederate and Union forces, largely in southern territories. On 12 April, the Confederates opened fire on Ft. The secessionists soon began to confiscate federal property in the South.

To ardent supporters of slavery, Lincoln's election provided a reason for immediate secession. Owing to the defection in Democratic ranks, Lincoln was able to carry the election in the electoral college, although he did not obtain a majority of the popular vote. Quilting Fabric Collection - Missouri Star Quilt Co. The new Republican Party, organized in and opposed to the expansion of slavery, nominated Abraham Lincoln. In, the Democratic Party, split along northern and southern lines, offered two presidential candidates. The ensuing conflicts in Kansas between northern and southern settlers earned the territory the name "bleeding Kansas.
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